26.08.2024 - The majority of Alpine river discharge is older than one month
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A recently published joint study by the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich shows the age distribution of Alpine rivers in Switzerland and Austria and shows that the majority of the annual runoff is significantly older than one month. This means that even in the event of floods, only a small proportion of the runoff consists of recent precipitation.
A new study published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences provides new insights into the age composition of Austrian and Swiss Alpine rivers. Researchers from BOKU and ETH Zurich used stable water isotopes - the fingerprint of water - to precisely trace the origin of river water.
Data series of monthly isotope measurements were collected over several years to decades to investigate the temporal and spatial variability in 32 catchments in the Alps. The stable water isotopes in precipitation and runoff were used to analyse the proportion of 'new water', i.e. from recent precipitation. The study Monthly new water fractions and their relationships to climate and catchment properties across Alpine rivers shows that the majority (on average about 93%) of runoff water in Alpine rivers is much older than one month.
We also analysed how climate and landscape characteristics affect the age distribution in the rivers: we find more old water in higher catchment areas, in steep areas with large differences in altitude and correspondingly larger storage volumes. In winter and during dry periods, the proportion of recent precipitation in the runoff is particularly low. In wetter periods there is more recent precipitation in the rivers, but even then well over 70% of the runoff is still older than one month. This means that even during floods, only a small proportion of the runoff consists of recent precipitation.
The old water paradox
The 'old water paradox' in hydrology describes the surprising observation that during rainfall or snowmelt, most of the water in rivers and streams does not come from recent precipitation, but from 'old water' that has been stored in the catchment for weeks, months or even years. This is paradoxical, as one would expect that it is mainly the recently available water (from precipitation and snowmelt) that ends up in runoff. However, this is not the case, as we know from observations that new water seeps away and old water already stored in the soil or groundwater is displaced from the subsurface and then enters the rivers. The new water often takes longer to travel across the landscape, while the old water, which is already stored closer to the river, is mobilised more quickly, leading to flooding during heavy rainfall events. These findings are not new, but the new study is the first to systematically analyse and demonstrate these processes for the major rivers in Austria and Switzerland.
Implications for water Management
The results of the study are particularly important for water managers and planners in the Alpine region. The lead author of the study, Dr Marius Floriancic from ETH Zurich, explains: “Our research highlights the importance of both climatic and site-specific characteristics for the age composition of Alpine rivers. Understanding the dynamics of new water is crucial for predicting how water availability and quality might change under different climate scenarios and land uses.” Prof. Christine Stumpp from BOKU emphasises the importance of water isotopes as natural tracers: 'Water isotopes give us crucial information about the age of the water, its origin and hydrological processes. For example, we have been able to show that much of the water in Alpine rivers comes from underground sources, i.e. water stored in the soil and groundwater. “
This knowledge can help in the development of adaptation strategies to ensure a reliable water supply in times of climate change. Sufficient underground storage of precipitation is therefore particularly important. Soil and groundwater act as flood buffers and water can only be stored temporarily if there is sufficient storage volume.
Scientific contact
Dr. Marius Floriancic
Institute of Environmental Engineering
Institute of Agricultural Sciences
ETH Zurich
floriancic(at)ifu.baug.ethz.ch
Tel +41 44 63 3 39 92
Prof. Dr Christine Stumpp
Institute of Soil Physics and Rural Water Management
BOKU University
christine.stumpp(at)boku.ac.at
Tel +43 1 47654 81511