Research

Insect-borne cereal viruses are considered the 'winners' of climate change. Winter cereals, especially winter barley and winter wheat, are under increased pressure for infection with Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV). Cereal plants are most susceptible to these viruses at the juvenile stage. The viruses are transmitted by sucking insects (vectors): WDV is transmitted by a dwarf cicada (Psammotettix alienus), BYDY and CYDV by several aphid species. The activity of the vectors is dependent on temperature and thus weather conditions. Rising temperatures increase the mobility of the vectors. In particular, longer periods of warm temperatures in the fall, in some years into early winter, which are increasingly common, increase the risk of viruses to our cereal crops. The extent of damage varies depending on the degree of infestation; heavily infested crops can lead to total failure. In the project, the necessary preliminary work (pre-breeding) for breeding 1) new resistant breeding lines will be carried out and 2) effective selection methods will be developed, with a focus on resistance to WDV, because WDV is of increasing importance in wheat in Central Europe. In work package 1, the genetic variation in the current breeding material will be examined in multi-site field trials and selection markers for quantitative resistance will be sought. In work package 2, a highly effective resistance factor on chromosome 6A recently discovered by us in an old Eastern European variety will be introduced into regionally adapted winter wheat variety candidates. Overall, the expected new findings on the inheritance of virus resistance and the newly developed pre-breeding material with improved virus resistance represent an essential step towards future-fit wheat varieties and the sustainable safeguarding of wheat cultivation in Austria.

There have been reports of global decline in managed honey bees and wild bees around the world. The rapid dying of honey bee colonies was named “colony collapse disorder” (CCD) and has been linked to different factors. One of the factors are novel insecticides named neonicotinoids. The acute toxity and adverse effects on bees is not only limited to the parent compound, but their (intermediate) metabolites have been shown to be toxic as well. So far, partial metabolic pathways in honey bees were described for only three out of seven neonicotinoids in use. For the remaining four neonicotinoids the metabolism by honey bees is still unclear. The overall objective of this study is to elucidate the metabolism of orally administered neonicotinoids in honey bees. The specific objectives are to determine known and unknown neonicotinoid biotransformation products and their kinetics. The study will be divided into four phases. In phase I, neonicotinoids will be administered at two locations to groups of caged honey bees with a feeding solution containing a mixture of unlabeled and 13C-labeled neonicotinoids with doses up to LD50 and sampling at 8 time points. Next, the targeted compounds will be extracted with organic solvents. For untargeted analysis, an isotope assisted approach will be used with direct analysis of the extracts as to avoid loss of putative biotransformation products (Phase II). Data will be evaluated with the aid of comprehensive databases. Unknown neonicotinoid