In a previous project, I focussed on the N-linked glycans of the echinodermata, a group of marine organisms including starfish and sea urchins, which are 'advanced' invertebrates, but are still not members of the chordata, a group including the vertebrates. Despite the evolutionary and phylogenetic importance of the transition to the vertebrate state, a process undoubtedly accompanied by new cell-cell interactions, there were few data regarding the glycans of the organisms which are in the 'grey zone' between typical invertebrates (e.g., worms and insects) and vertebrates (including humans). In the recently-ended project, Glycoself, I looked in more detail at N-glycans of bivalves - with particular attention to self/non-self recognition. Currently, I co-lead in the project "Immunomodulatory products of the Siberian fluke Opisthorchis”.